Best college essay prompts
Abnormal Psychology Paper Topics
Monday, August 24, 2020
Clinica Romero Essay Example For Students
Clinica Romero Essay Named after the martyred Salvadoran diocese supervisor and devoted to the individuals thathe additionally served, Clinica Romero is a free center contribution no-questions-asked,pay-whatever-you-can clinical and dental administrations and remedies to everyonewho goes to its entryway. The perfect and brilliant office is situated in the basementof the Royal University of Americas Oriental Medical Center, Straightforward inits activity, Clinica Romero initially offered all its clinical servicesthrough volunteer doctors, despite the fact that entrance to some give cash as of late hasmade it conceivable to enlist a half-time doctor, and Margaret Martinez is workingon an innovative arrangement to pay some portion of the pay of a boss from the Universityof Southern California Medical School, who might take a shot at the facilities site tooversee a unit of understudies and clinical inhabitants whod help give medicalservices there. In the interim, in any case, it proficiently conveys clinical administrations sixdays per week (counting two night meetings) with a gathering of around 15 localphysicians who volunteer their administrations on a pivoting premise. In an arrangement ofrelated programs driven by venture explicit financing, Clinica Romero alsoprovides wellbeing instruction (especially AIDS/HIV), and a liquor anddrug-avoidance program that incorporates a network sorting out segment pointed atensuring that the areas 456 (!) alcohol stores and bars dont mock thelaws with respect to standing around and deals to minors. With a staff of 23 and a $1million yearly spending plan, Clinica Romero faces a rising tide of patients, with thenumbers served expanding from 3,500 three years prior to a normal 11,000 thisyear. With government assistance change denying Medicaid to numerous legitimate immigrants,these numbers arent prone to diminish. Medicinal services
Saturday, August 22, 2020
Human Resource Management in the Multinational Context Research Paper
Human Resource Management in the Multinational Context - Research Paper Example Arrangement of HRM methodology in MNCs is of significance with regards to vital execution (Chew and Horwitz 2004, p. 33). This is the arrangement of HHRM frameworks and approaches with the authoritative objectives and strategies so as to accomplish the set up operational objective and serious procedure of the firm. HRM framework must be regarded as a wellspring of the firmââ¬â¢s upper hand in any multination for it to be effective (Sparrow et al 1994, p. 268). IHR work establishes of corporate HRM bunch dealing with the different jobs and practices of faculty the executives. This HRM bunch has around 500 level supervisors who do the worldwide assistance program. In accordance with the companyââ¬â¢s reasoning, the HRM bunch deals with the different auxiliaries in accordance with the business sectors they work in, for example, the organization applies fluctuating HR norms in various market tasks. Compensation guidelines are applied distinctively in an alternate market and the poi nt is to guarantee that their pay scale stays serious in the business sectors. Multinationals like Coca Cola staffs its tasks from the neighborhood work force and just draws in ostracizes where the framework requests. As indicated by Caligiuri et al (2010, p. 3), effective MNC organizations deal with their worldwide staff in manners that coordinate their vital needs just as the requests of their business sectors. Worldwide market offers diverse outer conditions and changing aptitudes and capacities in the worldwide work showcase HR assumes a fundamentally significant job in dealing with the companiesââ¬â¢ worldwide activities and upgrading their intensity. IHRM approaches and practices assume a significant job in fortifying interunit linkages in different ways including staffing strategies, far reaching arranging of human asset, remuneration arrangements, execution evaluations, and advancement and preparing of staff. As the report stresses business today is not, at this point con strained to the countriesââ¬â¢ national limits. Huge multinationals do a critical level of their business exercises outside their home market and nation; this has come about because of proceeded with foundation and fortifying of business in the abroad by multinationals. Intensity in these partnerships has generally been dictated by their adequacy in the worldwide market, this is thus controlled by the viability of worldwide directors especially the universal human asset supervisors who can work successfully in the global business exercises. IHR rehearses are basically significant in deciding the adequacy of multinationals.
Friday, July 17, 2020
National Book Critics Circle Award Winners
National Book Critics Circle Award Winners The National Book Critics Circle have announced the winners of their annual awards. The National Book Critics Circle is a nonprofit professional association for American book critics and reviewers and are primarily known for these awards. This years winners are an exciting and diverse collection. Autobiography Belonging: A German Reckons with History and Home by Nora Krug This is Krugâs quest to find answers to her families hidden war-time past. How has the shadow of Naziism and the Holocaust affected the lives and cultural belonging of those born generations after the fall of the regime? Biography Flash: The Making of Weegee the Famous by Christopher Bonanos The first comprehensive biography of Weegee the psychic photographer. Famous for his ability to arrive at a crime scene with his camera at just the same time as the cops this is the complex story of a man who documented gritty midcentury New York life. Criticism Feel Free: Essays by Zadie Smith An essay collection posing questions we all recognise. Divided into sections: In the World, In the Audience, In the Gallery, On the Bookshelf, and Feel Free this collection covers topics from the importance of libraries to the need to tackle global warming. Fiction Milkman by Anna Burns Set in an anonymous 1970s Northern Irish town deep in the midst of the Troubles. This is a story of gossip and danger, silence and deadly consequences. Winner of the 2018 Booker Prize. Nonfiction Directorate S: The C.I.A and Americaâs Secret Wars in Afghanistan and Pakistan by Steve Coll Shedding light on the dark depths of Americaâs intelligence, military, and diplomatic efforts to defeat Al Qaeda and the Taliban. Poetry The Carrying: Poems by Ada Limón A vulnerable and powerful poetry collection exploring with honesty infertility and age, bodily pain and ecstasy, love and brutality, what it means to live in an imperfect world. The John Leonard Prize There There by Tommy Orange A fierce debut novel telling the stories of Urban Native Americans. Full of poetry and rage, There There grapples with painful history, the inheritance of beautifully profound spirituality, and a community plague of addiction, abuse, and suicide. The Ivan Sandrof Lifetime Achievement Award Arte Público Arté Publico is the USâs largest publisher of contemporary and recovered literature by US-based Hispanic/Latinx authors. They work to recover and preserve US Hispanic/Latinx literary heritage. The Nona Balakian Citation for Excellence in Reviewing Maureen Corrigan Author, scholar, and literary critic. Corrigan has three decades of work as a critic, reviewer, and columnist for publications including NPR, The Washington Post, and The New York Times, amongst many more. Sign up to Today In Books to receive daily news and miscellany from the world of books. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.
Thursday, May 21, 2020
Gender Schema Theory Explained
Gender schema theory is a cognitive theory of gender development that says that gender is a product of the norms of oneââ¬â¢s culture. The theory was originatedà by psychologist Sandra Bem in 1981. It suggests that people process information, in part, based on gender-typed knowledge. Key Takeaways: Gender Schema Theory Gender schema theory proposes that children create cognitive schema of gender that they derive from the norms of their culture.The theory accounts for four gender categories, which can be measured with the Bem Sex Role Inventory: sex-typed, cross-sex typed, androgynous, and undifferentiated. Origins In her article introducing gender schema theory, Sandra Bem observed that the gender binary between male and female had become one of the basic organizational structures in human society. As a result, children are expected to learn about their cultureââ¬â¢s conceptions of gender and incorporate those conceptions into their self-concept. Bem noted that many psychological theories speak to this process, including psychoanalytic theory and social learning theory. However, these theories donââ¬â¢t account for what is learned about gender and how itââ¬â¢s utilized when new information is encountered. It was this shortcoming that Bem sought to address with her theory. Bemââ¬â¢s approach to gender was also influenced by the cognitive revolution that took place in psychology in the 1960s and 1970s. Gender Schemas As children learn about gender-specific attributes, they form gender schemas. Children learn whatever gender schemas are available in their culture, including whatever divisions exist between the two sexes. These cognitive structures enable people to apply the subset of schemas that match their own sex to themselves, which influences their self-concept. In addition, their sense of adequacy may be based on their ability to live up to the appropriate gender schemas. Bem cautioned that gender schema theory was a theory of process. The theory does not account for the specific content of gender schemas, as they may differ between cultures. Instead, it focuses on the way people process and utilize the information their culture provides about masculinity and femininity. For example, a traditional culture may maintain strict divisions between men and women, such that women are expected to take care of the household and raise children while men work outside the home and support the family. Children raised in such a culture will develop gender schema in line with what they observe, and through their schema, will develop an understanding of what they can do as a boy or girl. Meanwhile, in a more progressive culture, the distinctions between men and women might be less obvious, such that children see both men and woman pursuing careers and dividing chores at home. Still, children will look for cues about the differences between men and women in these cultures. Perhaps theyââ¬â¢ll notice that people respect powerful men but are dismissive of women who strive for power. This will impact childrenââ¬â¢s gender schema and their understanding of the way their culture views appropriate roles for men and women.à Gender Categories Bemââ¬â¢s theory suggests that people fall into one of four gender categories: Sex-typed individuals identify with the gender that corresponds to their physical sex. These individuals process and integrate information according to their schema for their gender.Cross-sex typed individuals process and integrate information according to their schema for the opposite gender.Androgynous individuals process and integrate information based on their schema for both genders.Undifferentiated individuals have difficulty processing information based on any gender schema. Bem Sex Role Inventory In 1974, Bem created an instrument to place people into the four gender categories called the Bem Sex Role Inventory. The scale presents 60 attributes, such as assertive or tender, that respondents rate based on how well each attribute describes them.à Twenty of the attributes correspond to a cultureââ¬â¢s idea of masculinity, twenty correspond to the cultureââ¬â¢s idea of femininity, and the final twenty are neutral. Individuals are scored on masculinity and femininity on a continuum. If they score above the mid-point on the scale that conforms to their sex and below it on the scale that doesnââ¬â¢t conform to their sex, they fall into the sex-typed gender category. The opposite is true for cross-sex typed individuals. Meanwhile, androgynous individuals score above the mid-point on both scales and undifferentiated individuals score below the mid-point on both scales. Gender Stereotypes Bem didnââ¬â¢t directly address gender stereotypes or discrimination based on noncomformity to gender schema in her theory. However, she did question societyââ¬â¢s over-reliance on gender distinctions. Thus, research by other scholars on gender schema theory has investigated the ways gender stereotypes are communicated in society. For example, studies have explored the way childrenââ¬â¢s coloring books communicate gender stereotypes and how these stereotypes may influence childrenââ¬â¢s gender schema and cause them to conform to gender stereotypes. Gender schemas and the gender stereotypes incorporated into them enable people to understand the social difficulties they may encounter if they fail to conform to their cultureââ¬â¢s gender norms. For example, a man who cries at a wedding may be mocked for being less masculine, while a woman who does the same is thought to be exhibiting gender-appropriate behavior. Meanwhile, a woman who speaks forcefully during a company meeting may be seen as bossy or too emotional by her employees, but a man who does the same is considered authoritative and in control. Critiques Gender schema theory provides a useful framework for understanding how knowledge structures of gender are formed, however it has not avoided all criticism. One weakness of the theory is that it fails to account for the ways biology or social interactions impact gender development. In addition, the content of gender schema remains unclear. While the theory is meant to account for the processââ¬ânot the contentââ¬âof these schema, its difficult to measure schema with no understanding of their content. Finally, cognitive schemas about gender have been shown to predict thinking, attention, and memory, but they are less predictive of behavior. Therefore, oneââ¬â¢s gender schema may not match the behavior one exhibits. Sources Bem, Sandra Lipsitz. ââ¬Å"Gender Schema Theory: A Cognitive Account of Sex Typing.â⬠Psychological Review, vol. 88, no. 4, 1981, pp. 354-364. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.88.4.354Cherry, Kendra. ââ¬Å"Gender Schema Theory and Roles in Culture.â⬠Verywell Mind, 14 March 2019. https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-gender-schema-theory-2795205Martin, Carol Lynn, Diana N. Ruble, and Joel Szkrybaio. ââ¬Å"Cognitive Theories of Early Gender Development.â⬠Psychological Bulletin, vol. 128, no. 6, 2002, pp. 903-933. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.128.6.903ââ¬Å"Sandra Bemââ¬â¢s Gender Schema Theory Explained.â⬠Health Research Funding. https://healthresearchfunding.org/sandra-bems-gender-schema-theory-explained/Starr, Christine R., and Eileen L. Zurbiggen. ââ¬Å"Sandra Bemââ¬â¢s Gender Schema Theory After 34 Years: A Review of Its Reach and Impact.â⬠Sex Role: A Journal of Research, vol. 76, no. 9-10, 2017, pp. 566-578. http://dx.doi.org/10.100 7/s11199-016-0591-4
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
Company Internal Environment Strengths And Weaknesses
Company Internal Environment ââ¬â Strengths and Weaknesses The success of a brand must heavily reply on the competitive advantages of the company. SWOT analysis is a strategic tool to analyze enterpriseââ¬â¢s own internal conditions, and sort out the advantages, disadvantages and core competitiveness (Power, 2008, p. 285). It also shows how these factors interact with each other and how they could be used to create effective success factors (Power, 2008). Below is the SWOT analysis of Easy Run. Strengths Weaknesses â⬠¢ Growing market presence in the US with good reputation â⬠¢ Tailor made fit and high quality product increased brand loyalty and repeat purchases â⬠¢ High spend on RD, which has given Easy Run the experience to make predictions in trends and consumer tastes over the years â⬠¢ Local employees are highly engaged, motivated and involved in decision-making â⬠¢ Strong relationships with retail channel, suppliers and customers â⬠¢ Low inventory because of lean production â⬠¢ Unique product positioning with focused but diversified range â⬠¢ Focused on a footwear market only, no product line of apparels and accessories â⬠¢ Heavy reliance on relationships â⬠¢ Limited manufacturing capacity as manufacturing factories overseas â⬠¢ A market follower because of limited competence â⬠¢ Limited funding available compared with major competitors â⬠¢ Low brand awareness overseas â⬠¢ Customers are price sensitive Opportunities Threats â⬠¢ Expansion into new retail markets â⬠¢ Creation of own concepts and styles â⬠¢Show MoreRelatedMarketing Strategic Planning : Marketing Strategy1042 Words à |à 5 Pagescapability and itââ¬â¢s changing marketing opportunities (Kotler, 2009). 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Organizational culture is a great advantage when inducting new employees because it gives them some insight of what is expected of them. HoweverRead MoreSwot Analysis : Applying Swot1519 Words à |à 7 Pagestheir research, ââ¬Å"In a permanent changing environment, the measurement and monitorisation of the performance of a company has become one of the key issues for its successâ⬠(p. 1072). Utilizing this planning tool of SWOT will establish a specific strategic plan through external environments and internal problems integrating this into a more comprehensive goal and strategy for the firm. Vital to the SWOT planning too l, is identifying our organizationââ¬â¢s strengths, weakness, opportunities, and threats thatRead MoreEnvironmental Scanning1136 Words à |à 5 Pagesthe company, one must complete an environmental scan of their organization. Thus scanning for events, trends, issues and expectations that they may be faced with in the future. Furthermore, examining all internal and external environment challenges. Internal environmental challenges may be with employees, shareholders or board of directors or the overall culture of the organization. External environmental challenges may include economic, socio-culture, political, and technological environments, asRead MoreSwot Analysis : A Swot1371 Words à |à 6 Pagesrevising the position of the company before decisions are made about company direction or the application of a new business idea. PEST is a tool to assess external factors. It is useful to complete a PEST analysis before a SWOT, although it may be more useful to complete a PEST anal ysis during, or after, a SWOT. SWOT and PEST are vital in determining the success of a business. SWOT analysis is a form of situational analysis in which internal strengths and weaknesses of an organization, and externalRead MoreExternal and Internal Environment Analysis1565 Words à |à 7 PagesExternal and Internal Environmental Analysis This environmental analysis will provide a complete external environmental scan designed to provide RoyalBlu Invites with the tools needed to identify the organizations strength and weaknesses. Furthermore, including an assessment of the company resources. This analysis will assess the organization competitive position and possibilities of growth. An explanation of how the external environment affects RoyalBlu Invites structure and organizational performanceRead MoreSwot Analysis : A Swot777 Words à |à 4 Pagesidentify your organizationââ¬â¢s strengths and weaknesses (S-W), as well as broader opportunities and threats (O-T). Developing a fuller awareness of the situation helps with both strategic planning and decision-making. ââ¬Å"It is an analysis is a strategic planning method used to evaluate the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats involved in a project or in a business venture. It involves specifying the objective of the business venture or project and ide ntifying the internal and external factorsRead MoreThe Generic Business Strategy Used By Kraft Foods1377 Words à |à 6 Pagesevaluate the generic business strategy used by Kraft Foods. Additionally examine internal and external components of the business environment such as strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Consider whether the businessââ¬â¢s broader strategy aligns with smaller strategy choices made within the firm. Background: Kraft Foods is currently the largest food company in the United States and the second largest food company in the world. The organization leverages business strategies that rely on creatingRead MoreSwot Analysis : The Modern Enterprise Management And Planning1458 Words à |à 6 Pages1. Introduction In the modern enterprise management and planning, SWOT analysis is a widely known diagnostic tool. Generally SWOT analysis is used to identify the strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats of the enterprise itself, and then combine the company s strategy with the internal resources and external environment. In fact, it is a systematic framework which helps managers to build organization strategies and market planning. However, Some findings from Menon (1999) and Hill and WestbrookRead MoreInternal Analysis and Swot Analysis Essay1166 Words à |à 5 Pages3 Case: Internal Analysis and SWOT Analysis Dr. Kenneth McGee à Introduction Strategic planners analyze Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) to determine internal and external threats to a company. ââ¬Å"The SWOT analysis is a business tool available in the tool box of any small business ownerâ⬠(Zahorsky, 2009). An internal analysis specifically covers the Strengths and Weaknesses portion of the SWOT analysis. The intent of this paper is to perform an internal Resource
Mini Trial Free Essays
Incredibly, there are currently over ââ¬Å"3,000 asses of Mesopotamia annuallyââ¬â¢ in the US and more than ââ¬Å"1 0,000 casesâ⬠globally (ââ¬Å"The Mesopotamia Centerâ⬠, 2014). Asbestos lawsuits are continuously prevalent and can be identified by simply turning on a television set any given time of the day. More than likely there will be an asbestos lawsuit commercial on several channels. We will write a custom essay sample on Mini Trial or any similar topic only for you Order Now Since the sassââ¬â¢s, Maryland has had its fair share of these lawsuits because of its asbestos production and inherent health risk posed to the surrounding communities. In 1 993, Baltimore had more than ââ¬Å"200,000 casesâ⬠pending against the state of Maryland and the courts had become inundated with an insurmountable mountain of lawsuits (Ogden, 1 993, pig. 38). Attempting to manage all of these cases put a serious strain on the court systems and jeopardized the overall efficiency and effectiveness of the stateââ¬â¢s judicial infrastructure. The question for legal professionals was how to handle such a large surge in caseloads. The answer came in the form of an Alternate Dispute Resolution (TAR) known as a Mini-Trial. This TAR process created a means for legal professionals to process large groups of disputants through a dispute resolution process in minimal time. Asbestos mini-trial proceedings in Baltimore were conducted in ropes and series so that the most severe cases could be handled first. The unprecedented decision to utilize mini;trials in this capacity yielded quicker results than normal bench-trial cases could and paved the way for the continued use of this form of 3 TAR. The unique style in how the mini-trials were applied to the Baltimore asbestos cases is what really stood out. Case Study As the amount of plaintiffs grew against multiple companies involved in asbestos manufacturing, Judge Marshall A. Levin of Baltimoreââ¬â¢s Circuit Court, ordered the majority of the cases to be performed as mini-trials (Person, 1993). This process would alleviate Some of the limiting factors being experienced in regards to litigation saturation. With literally thousands of affected citizens, Judge Levin felt that a series of mini-trials would clear up a large portion of the individual claims bogging down Baltimoreââ¬â¢s court system. The first thing he ordered was for the trials to be conducted in groups. Within these groups, legal professionals to include the judge; would select the most important cases first. His first grouped involved over 600 cases in which patients were already sick or dying from asbestos related illnesses (Person, 993). It was important to process these cases quickly so that any damages awarded could be used for healthcare immediately. Another group involved a series of plaintiffs that were seeking damages from either being exposed to asbestos or not being properly informed of the dangers of asbestos. Even though these were of lesser importance, the process of the mini-trial still afforded the plaintiffs quick resolution. Because there were so many people involved in all of these cases, the judge would also only allow a select few to present testimony. By doing this, Levin prevented the same testimony from Ewing heard by thousands of plaintiffs with the same argument. This ââ¬Å"abbreviated versionâ⬠of a full court trial proved his theory that mini-trials were beneficial in lieu of (Colors, 2009, pig. 203). Time was not the only thing gained by these trials however. Judge Elevenââ¬â¢s first mini-trial only took four weeks and caught the attention of several other judges. During the second set of 4 trial series, three judges from Baltimore joined him in hearing six more major asbestos cases. Those mini-trials yielded more than SSL 1 million in restitution for three out of the six cases (Person, 1993). Knowing that the number of asbestos cases would increasingly rise, Judge Levin created the ââ¬Å"New Discovery Ruleâ⬠that would supersede any statute of limitation Maryland had in regards to asbestos related lawsuits (Ogden, 1993). Applying additional gateways offset the non-binding agreement mini-trials and other forms of TAR normally have. Discussion The overall goal in hearing asbestos cases quickly and clearing the courts of hemorrhaging lawsuits was ultimately a success. Elevenââ¬â¢s progressive approach to dispute resolution proved that alternate methods can be fair and equal. Properly categorizing claims that were more severe against claims that were to was paramount in choosing first to appear cases. The quick action of the mini-trial afforded victims in need compensation necessary to the treatment of their illnesses. By grouping the trials into series, the mini-trials also protected the asbestos manufactures of frivolous law suits and false claims of lung cancer due to smoking and not asbestos exposure. One of the biggest conclusions that can be drawn from this case is that the mini-trial is adoptable and long lasting. As recently as 2013, exactly 20 years after Baltimoreââ¬â¢s first asbestos min-trial, Maryland is still using the TAR practice ND is a ââ¬Å"major forum for asbestos litigationâ⬠(Richard, 2014). Baltimoreââ¬â¢s use of the mini-trial not only relieved the strain of over tasked court system, it proved that different forms of TAR could save time. How to cite Mini Trial, Papers
Saturday, April 25, 2020
Multiple Personality Disorder Essays (1620 words) -
Multiple Personality Disorder The most famous dissociative disorder is Multiple Personality Disorder, also known as Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID). It is estimated that one in one hundred people may suffer from Multiple Personality Disorder and other Dissociative Disorders. With correct diagnosis and appropriate treatment, people have the potential for complete recovery. Multiple Personality Disorder is a condition in which a person has more than one identity, each of which speaks, acts and writes in a very different way. Each personality seems to have its own memories, wishes, and (often conflicting) impulses The symptoms of an individual with Multiple Personality Disorder are 1.) lack of appropriate emotional response 2.) memory loss, lost time, not knowing what they have said or done 3.) feeling dream like 5.) experiencing dissociation which might include dizziness, headaches, numbness in body, spontaneous trance states 6.) not remembering childhood or major life events 7.) recurrent depression 8.) anxiety, panic, and phobias 9.) self destructive thoughts and behavior 10.) substance abuse 11.) eating disorders 12.) sexual dysfunction, including addictions and avoidance 13.) flashbacks, intrusive thoughts and images of trauma 14.) low self esteem, and feeling damaged and/or worthless 15.) shame 16.) somatic pain syndromes 17.) sleep disturbances: nightmares, insomnia, and sleepwalking and 18.) alternative states of consciousness or personalities. Many people displaying MPD have experienced events they would like to forget or avoid. The causation of Multiple Personality Disorder is when an individual has suffered severe, horrific, traumatic, unavoidable, persistent physical or sexual abuse in childhood. Also many people displaying MPD appeared to be skilled at self- hypnosis through which their ?psyche? comes forward as a coping mechanism, to protect them from the pain ( they create a self- induced hypnotic like trance) which allows the individual to escape psychologically. Most people suffering from Multiple Personality Disorder found that they could escape the trauma of abuse at least temporarily by creating ? new personalities? to deal with the stress. ( Braun, B. (1988). The BASK model of dissociation. DISSOCIATION, 1, 4-23. American Psychiatric Association (1994) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. ( 4th ed) The separate personalities known as ?alters?, are usually unknown to the host personality, which operates the body most of the time. Alters can take many forms, but few types are common. Some typical manifestations include a depressed or hurt child, an internal caretaker, a strong angry protector, and an envious protector who is angry with the host. Although these represent the most common alter personality types, the reported list of variations is fairly long and includes perpetrator alters, avenger alters, opposite sex alters, different race, and even non- human alters. Most of the writings dealing with DID (Dissociative Identity Disorder reports that individuals with the illness flow in and out of the various personalities as the environment changes, usually unaware of what is taking place. (Putnam, F.W. (1989). Diagnosis and treatment of multiple personality disorder. New York: Guilford Press. There are many theories which attempt to explain DID, but the central component in all of them appears to be that the disorde occurs as a protective reaction to severe childhood trauma. Essentially, the self appears to dissociate, or ?split? into seperate and distinct personalities in an effort to repress the pain and terror of some tramatic event. The trauma is often sexual in nature. There is one such theory that implies that the blocked pain, terror, and awareness create compartments in the mind, which hold the unprocessed feelings. When these compartments ? leak? says the theory, the person has flashbacks, panic attacks, and nightmares. Individuals stricken with DID may experience the onslaught of the disturbance suddenly or gradually, and the symptoms may become worse over a long period of time. Recent studies indicate that the age of onset is nearly always childhood, and that it is much more common among women then men; as much as three to nine times more. Those who warn that DID/MPD is alarmingly common mental illness and cite numerous studies and a long list of statistics in support of its legitimacy. For example: in a 1990 study which appeared in The Journal of Occupational Therapy, J.F. Higdon stated, ? The past two decades have seen a marked increase in the diagnosing of this disorder, and we are seeing a significant
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